Published on in Vol 5 (2026)

1 Department of Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
2 The Massachusetts AI Assurance for Healthcare (MAIAH) Lab, UMass Chan Medical School, Worceter, MA, United States
3 Department of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (Hong Kong)
4 Center for Clinical Translational Sciences, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
5 Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
6 College of Nursing, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
7 College of Nursing, GFRC, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
8 Graduate School of Public Health and Healthcare Management, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
9 Department of AI Convergence, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
10 Healthcare AI Assurance Lab, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
11 Hallym University Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
12 Department of Anesthesiology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
13 Research Institute for Data Science and AI (Artificial Intelligence), Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
14 Division of Data Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
15 Department of Emergency Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
*these authors contributed equally
