Fine-Tuning and Benchmarking Transformer Models for Multiclass Classification of Clinical Research Papers: Retrospective Modeling Study

Fangwen Zhou   ¹ , MSc ;   Cynthia Lokker   ¹ , PhD ;   Rick Parrish   ¹ ;   R Brian Haynes   ¹ , MD, PhD ;   Alfonso Iorio   ^{1, 2} , MD, PhD ;   Ashirbani Saha   ³ , PhD ;   Muhammad Afzal   ⁴ , PhD

¹ Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

² Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

³ Department of Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

⁴ Faculty of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom